Changa Manga Wildlife Park

Changa Manga Wildlife Park, also known by its Urdu and Punjabi name (چھانگا مانگا), is a significant man-made forest and wildlife preserve located in the Kasur and Lahore districts of Punjab, Pakistan. It holds the distinction of being one of the world's oldest hand-planted forests, originally established in 1866 by British foresters. Its primary purpose at inception was to generate timber and fuel for the engines of the North-Western railway networks, and it was once considered the largest man-made forest globally.

History and Naming

The name 'Changa Manga' originates from two brother dacoits, Changa and Manga, who were known for their banditry in the region during the 19th century. Their hideout within the forest inspired its name. Following their capture, the Salvation Army established a camp at the site for the reformation of criminals. The forest plantation began in 1866, with German forester Berthold Ribbentrop playing a key role in its early development using a trench and ridge system. By 1870, the irrigated plantation had expanded significantly and was supported by a dedicated narrow-gauge railway, the Changa Manga Forestry Railway, for logging operations.

Flora and Fauna

Changa Manga boasts a rich biodiversity, hosting a wide array of flora and fauna. The most common tree species include Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesham) and Acacia nilotica (Kikar), alongside introduced species like Morus alba (white mulberry) and various Eucalyptus and Populus varieties. The forest is a habitat for 14 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, six species of reptiles, two species of amphibians, and 27 species of insects.

Wildlife Conservation

Beyond its historical significance, Changa Manga is a vital center for wildlife conservation and breeding. It is home to a dedicated Vulture Conservation Centre, operating in association with the WWF SAVE programme, focusing on the critically endangered Asiatic vulture species, Gyps bengalensis. The centre actively participates in the Gyps Vulture Restoration Programme, aiming to bolster the populations of these threatened birds. Additionally, a 40-acre wildlife reserve established in 2008 houses species such as hog deer, Indian peafowl, golden jackal, mouflon, nilgai, and wild boar.

Recreation and Challenges

Parts of Changa Manga have been developed into a recreation park, offering attractions like a miniature train ride, a waterfall, a children's play area, and boating on Lunar Lake. However, the forest has faced severe challenges from massive illegal deforestation and timber mafia activities, which have significantly reduced its size. In response to these threats, government initiatives have been undertaken to combat deforestation, improve forest management, enhance security through boundary fencing and patrolling, and undertake new afforestation projects. These efforts aim to restore Changa Manga to its former status and ensure its long-term survival as a vital ecological and historical site.