Actinopodidae

Actinopodidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders indigenous to mainland Australia and South America, typically found inhabiting open forest environments. While the family encompasses various species, it is particularly recognized for including the mouse spiders, genus Missulena. These mouse spiders are notable because their bites, though infrequent, are classified as medically significant and potentially dangerous to humans.

Description and Habitat

Spiders belonging to the Actinopodidae family possess a wider field of vision compared to many other Australian mygalomorphs, complemented by a broad frontal section of their carapace. They are generally stout and black, with individual species ranging from 10 mm to 35 mm in body length. A defining characteristic is their distinctly bulbous head and jaw regions. The abdomen can be black or a dark blue, often adorned with a light grey to white patch on its dorsal surface. Their legs typically appear dark and somewhat slender, and their heads are a glossy black. Females of the family tend to be more robust and larger than the males.

These spiders construct burrows in the soil, which can extend to a depth of approximately 30 cm (12 inches). These burrows are crucial for their survival, providing refuge from predators, a means of temperature control, and protection from parasites. The entrance to these burrows is often covered by a hinged lid.

Diet and Hunting Strategy

Actinopodidae spiders are ambush predators. They position themselves at the entrance of their burrows, often lying in wait by their burrow lids, particularly during the night. Their diet consists primarily of insects that venture within their striking range. The male spiders exhibit a migratory behavior, leaving their burrows to seek out females for mating. In contrast, the females generally remain within the confines of their burrows for the majority of their lives, dedicating themselves to survival and reproduction within their established territory.