Keystone Canyon

Keystone Canyon is a significant gorge located near Valdez in the U.S. state of Alaska. Characterized by its almost perpendicular walls, the canyon is carved primarily from slate rock, which exhibits a nearly vertical cleavage, though small quartz seams can present drilling challenges. The canyon's geology is exposed to good advantage, with the slate on the south side of the summit generally being firm, while the north side is more disintegrated.

Geography and Dimensions

The gorge extends for approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) and connects the upper and lower valleys of the Lowe River. The bed of the canyon varies considerably in width, ranging from 100 to 500 feet (30 to 152 meters). Vegetation on the low bottoms, including grass, brush, and trees, suggests that the river's water level typically does not exceed 4 feet (1.2 meters) for most of the canyon's length. The east wall of the canyon is more abrupt than the west wall. While side drainage is minimal, Waterfall Creek forms a notable cascade with falls of several hundred feet, disappearing into loose rock at the canyon's base. About midway through the canyon, narrow sections are formed where the walls draw closer, featuring abrupt heights of 50 to 75 feet (15 to 23 meters).

Notable Features

Keystone Canyon is renowned for its dramatic waterfalls. Among the most spectacular are:

• Horsetail Falls: A picturesque waterfall measuring about 328 feet (100 meters) in height, which flows into the Lowe River. It is visible and photographable from a road turnout along the Richardson Highway.
• Bridal Veil Falls: Located a short distance north of Horsetail Falls, this waterfall can be viewed from another turnout. This area also serves as the trailhead for the "Valdez Goat Trail," a segment of the historic Trans Alaska Military Packtrain Trail.

Additionally, a remnant of early industrial efforts can be found within the canyon: a short section of hand-cut tunnel. This feature is a solitary reminder of ambitious but ultimately unsuccessful attempts to construct a railroad through the region.

Historical Context

The canyon was named by William R. Abercrombie. His naming choice honored Pennsylvania, the "Keystone State." The canyon's potential for transportation and resource access led to significant interest in the early 20th century, with nine companies proposing railroad routes. The efforts to build such a railway were fraught with conflict, culminating in a gunfight and the eventual abandonment of the project. The era of these railroad ambitions was later depicted in the silent film "The Iron Trail."

Access and Significance

Keystone Canyon is situated at an elevation of 307 feet (94 meters). The Richardson Highway passes through the canyon, providing scenic access to its features. The Valdez-Eagle Trail also traverses the canyon's southern end. The canyon's geological formations and natural beauty make it a point of interest for visitors exploring the Valdez area.