New Caledonian lorikeet

New Caledonian Lorikeet: A Possibly Extinct Jewel of New Caledonia

The New Caledonian lorikeet, scientifically known as Vini diadema, is a species of lorikeet that was endemic to the Melanesian island of New Caledonia. Historically placed in the genus Charmosyna, it was later reclassified into the genus Vini based on molecular phylogenetic studies. The species is now considered possibly extinct, with its current existence uncertain.

Description and Identification

Adult females of the New Caledonian lorikeet are predominantly green, distinguished by a deep violet-blue crown and dark bluish thighs. They possess a yellowish face and underside face, and a notable red anal region. The tail is green on the upper side and yellowish olive on the underside, with the lateral feathers featuring red basal markings, followed by a black band and tipped with yellow on the underside. The beak is orange-red, and the iris is presumed to be dark orange, similar to the feet. Males have not been definitively recorded, but based on related species, they are anticipated to exhibit more red coloration, potentially on the face, underside of the primaries, and rump sides, and may be slightly larger.

Distribution and Habitat

The precise provenance of the single known specimen is uncertain. While one bird was unfortunately shot at Mont Ignambi near Oubatche in 1913, it was not preserved. Unverified reports have emerged from various locations across New Caledonia, including areas west of Mont Panié, the Mont Ignambi region, the La Foa-Canala road, and Yaté Lake. The species is believed to inhabit humid montane forests but has also been observed in lowland Melaleuca forests, though these sightings likely reflect better accessibility rather than primary habitat preference. Mt. Ignambi is considered an ideal habitat, and the Yaté Lake sighting originated from an area of low shrubland. The bird typically keeps to the treetops, making it exceptionally difficult to spot.

Ecology and Diet

This lorikeet is described as nomadic and relatively inconspicuous, contributing to its elusiveness. Related species are known to consume nectar, pollen, blossoms, and occasionally soft fruits, often foraging in pairs or small flocks of fewer than ten individuals. The plant Erythrina has been specifically noted as a food source for this species. Reproduction data for green Charmosyna lorikeets is limited, but for this species, the breeding season is presumed to be between July and December, potentially extending to February or even year-round. Nests are excavated in arboreal termite nests or epiphytic ferns, and clutches typically consist of two, possibly three, white, rounded eggs.

Conservation Status and Threats

Described from two specimens collected before 1860, the New Caledonian lorikeet has seen very rare sightings reported up to the 1880s. Subsequent claims of sightings have been made, but none have been definitively confirmed, and extensive searches have been fruitless. There is ongoing debate about whether the species still exists, with some sources listing it as extinct since 1860, though most ornithologists hope for its rediscovery. The bird's rarity is attributed to a combination of factors, possibly including habitat modification, although its post-1880 decline predates significant habitat destruction. Introduced predators such as cats and rats, or introduced diseases, are also considered potential causes. The large-scale destruction of lowland forests may have deprived the species of seasonal food sources. Despite its elusiveness, it is listed in CITES Appendix II and is classified as Critically Endangered - Possibly Extinct by the IUCN.