Scarlet-backed woodpecker

The scarlet-backed woodpecker (Veniliornis callonotus) is a species of bird belonging to the Picidae family. It is found in the South American countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. This woodpecker is characterized by its size, measuring approximately 13 cm (5.1 inches) in length and weighing between 23 and 33 grams. Its plumage is predominantly brownish-scarlet on the upperparts, with darker flight feathers and white underparts that may have a faint buff wash.

Identification

A key feature distinguishing males and females is their head coloration. Adult males exhibit a striking red from their forehead to the nape, with many feathers edged in black. In contrast, adult females possess entirely black heads. The mid-section of the species' tail is blackish-brown, with the central pair of feathers being darker and the outer pair being whitish-yellow marked with black bars. Juveniles display more extensive olive or grayish mottling on their upperparts and are a buffier white underneath, with a less defined head pattern compared to adults.

Distribution and Habitat

The scarlet-backed woodpecker's range is divided between its two recognized subspecies. The nominate subspecies, V. c. callonotus, is found from Colombia's Nariño Department southward through western Ecuador to Guayas Province. The subspecies V. c. major extends from Ecuador's El Oro and Loja provinces into Peru, reaching as far south as the La Libertad Department. This species thrives in a variety of habitats, including arid scrublands, dry deciduous woodlands, semi-humid forests, and dense riparian forests. It is also observed in areas that have been partially cleared by human activity. Their altitudinal distribution is generally from near sea level up to 1,000 meters (3,300 ft), though they can be found less frequently up to 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) in Peru and locally as high as 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) in Ecuador.

Behavior and Ecology

Unlike some migratory species, the scarlet-backed woodpecker is considered a year-round resident throughout its established range. It forages across all levels of the forest, typically focusing on small branches and thin twigs, and is often seen in pairs. Detailed information about its specific diet is not widely documented. The breeding season for this woodpecker includes July in Ecuador, but comprehensive data on its breeding biology remains scarce. Vocalizations are characteristic, with a common call being a rattle lasting one to two seconds, and they also produce a sharp 'ki-dik' sound, sometimes delivered in quick succession.

Conservation Status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the scarlet-backed woodpecker as Least Concern. While precise population figures are not known, the overall population is believed to be increasing. No significant immediate threats to the species have been identified. It is noted as being very localized in Colombia but is considered fairly common in Ecuador and Peru, where it is present in several protected areas. Notably, in Ecuador, the species has been observed to expand into more humid environments, a trend potentially linked to deforestation.